laisse chanson de geste

La siet li reis ki dulce France tient. Quite soon an element of self-parody appears; even the august Charlemagne was not above gentle mockery in the Pèlerinage de Charlemagne. He carried away Brohadas, son of the Sultan of Persia, Not listed by Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, this cycle deals with the First Crusade and its immediate aftermath. Critics have discovered manuscripts, texts and other traces of the legendary heroes, and further explored the continued existence of a Latin literary tradition (c.f. One of the oldest surviving major works of French literature is of this genre, the mid 12th century, La Chanson de Roland which is approximately 4000 lines. Powered by Invision Community. The fictional background of the chansons is the struggle of Christian France against an idolatrous "Muslim" enemy. CHANSONS DE GESTE, the name given to the epic chronicles which take so prominent a place in the literature of France from the 11th to the 15th century. The chansons de geste created a body of mythology that lived on well after they ceased to be produced in France. Tinker, May 24, 2009 in French Verse, Explore the Craft of Writing PoetryThe EpicFrench Verse. F. Guessard, S. Luce. Paris, 1859. (res) gestae = gebeurtenissen, daden, bijz. Definition of laisse. Chansons de Geste (af fransk chansons: 'sange', og latin gesta: 'dåd, historie') er franske heltekvad og nationale historiesange.De fleste er skrevet i korstogstiden (1100- og 1200-tallet), men omhandlende ca. Paris, 1877. This distinguished them from romances concerned with the Matter of Britain, that is, King Arthur and his knights; and with the so-called Matter of Rome, covering the Trojan War, the conquests of Alexander the Great, the life of Julius Cæsar and some of his Imperial successors, who were given medieval makeovers as exemplars of chivalry.[20]. The central character is not Garin de Monglane but his supposed great-grandson, Guillaume d'Orange. Chansons de geste are composed in lines of 10 or 12 syllables grouped into laisses (irregular stanzas) based on assonance or, later, rhyme. there is a throne made entirely of gold. François Guessard, Paul Meyer. Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/... (external link) Wittmann, Henri. C. Wahlund, H. von Feilitzen. Paul Meyer in Romania vol. [18] The work of Jean Rychner on the art of the minstrels[16] and the work of Parry and Lord on Yugoslavian oral traditional poetry, Homeric verse and oral composition have also been suggested to shed light on the oral composition of the chansons, although this view is not without its critics[19] who maintain the importance of writing not only in the preservation of the texts, but also in their composition, especially for the more sophisticated poems.[19]. "La chanson de Doon de Nanteuil: fragments inédits" ed. : the irregular strophe of Old French poetry especially : a strophe of the chansons de geste. A key theme of the chansons de geste, which set them off from the romances (which tended to explore the role of the "individual"), is their critique and celebration of community/collectivity (their epic heroes are portrayed as figures in the destiny of the nation and Christianity)[21] and their representation of the complexities of feudal relations and service. [Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Digby 23 (Pt 2), f17v] Even een licht tussendoortje. [14] At the end of the nineteenth century, Pio Rajna, seeing similarities between the chansons de geste and old Germanic/Merovingian tales, posited a Germanic origin for the French poems. The chanson de geste, Old French for "song of heroic deeds" (from gesta: Latin: "deeds, actions accomplished"), is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. The Welsh poet, painter, soldier and engraver David Jones's Modernist poem In Parenthesis was described by contemporary critic Herbert Read as having "the heroic ring which we associate with the old chansons de geste". Gent ad le cors et le cuntenant fier. Of the brave-spirited good duke Godfrey Small part of the Chanson de Roland – de most famous Chanson de geste. N'enmaine que .ii. De teksten hadden een duidelijke liedstructuur: het rijm was eenvoudig en de regels waren kort. The chanson de geste[a] (Old French for 'song of heroic deeds', from Latin gesta 'deeds, actions accomplished')[1] is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. [13] This was the basis for the "cantilena" theory of epic origin, which was elaborated by Gaston Paris, although he maintained that single authors, rather than the multitude, were responsible for the songs. There is also an increasing dose of Eastern adventure, drawing on contemporary experiences in the Crusades; in addition, one series of chansons retells the events of the First Crusade and the first years of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. [17] Critics have also suggested that knowledge by clerics of ancient Latin epics may have played a role in their composition. *Tusseau, Jean-Pierre & Henri Wittmann. Chanson de geste, (French: “song of deeds”) any of the Old French epic poems forming the core of the Charlemagne legends. This cycle contains the first of the chansons to be written down, the Chanson de Roland or "The Song of Roland". If you’ve been looking for the answer to Mythical horse in tales from the chansons de geste, we’re happy to share that you can find it here with us. The poems contain an assortment of character types; the repertoire of valiant hero, brave traitor, shifty or cowardly traitor, Saracen giant, beautiful Saracen princess, and so forth. rois ens en sa conpaignie. La cellule de base, le couplet de la chanson de geste, unité de contenu et versification.De dimension variable, la laisse se caractérise par une même assonance ou rime. Chanson de geste is Old French, a song of heroic deeds, Epic poems from between the 11th and 15th centuries. Das Handschriftenverhaltnis Der Chanson de Geste Aliscans (1das Handschriftenverhaltnis Der Chanson de Geste Aliscans (1907) 907). En l'estor l'avoit mort a l'espee forbie Het chanson de geste ( Old Frans voor "Het lied van heroïsche daden", uit het Latijn gesta "daden, handelingen volbracht") is een middeleeuwse verhaal, een soort epische gedicht dat aan het begin van verschijnt de Franse literatuur . Composed in Old French and apparently intended for oral performance by jongleurs, the chansons de geste narrate legendary incidents (sometimes based on real events) in the history of France during the eighth, ninth and tenth centuries, the age of Charles Martel, Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, with emphasis on their conflicts with the Moors and Saracens, and also disputes between kings and their vassals. A chanson de geste was composed in lines of 10 or 12 syllables, grouped into irregular rhyming stanzas called laisses. Medieval French literature is, for the purpose of this article, Medieval literature written in Oïl languages (particularly Old French and early Middle French) during the period from the eleventh century to the end of the fifteenth century.. Ed. One of the oldest surviving major works of French literature is of this genre, the mid 12th century, La Chanson de Roland which is approximately 4000 lines. Several manuscript texts include lines in which the jongleur demands attention, threatens to stop singing, promises to continue the next day, and asks for money or gifts. The assonance in this stanza is on e: Desuz un pin, delez un eglanter The chanson de geste was also adapted in southern (Occitan-speaking) France. Right in front of Antioch, down in the meadow. Later chansons were composed in monorhyme stanzas, in which the last syllable of each line rhymes fully throughout the stanza. They reached their highest point of acceptance in the period 1150–1250. De verhaalstof grijpt terug op de Merovingische en vooral Karolingische periode (zie karelepiek) en op de kruistochten . Ed. Early chansons de geste were typically composed in ten-syllable lines grouped in assonanced (meaning that the last stressed vowel is the same in each line throughout the stanza, but the last consonant differs from line to line) stanzas (called laisses). Chansons de geste - epische gedichten in Frankrijk, ontstaan gedurende de Xle, Xlle, XIIIe en XIXe eeuw. [32], While poems like The Song of Roland were sometimes heard in public squares and were no doubt warmly received by a broad public,[33] some critics caution that the chansons should probably not be characterized as popular literature[34] and some chansons appear particularly tailored for an audience of aristocratic, privileged or warrior classes.[35]. A. Our solution will help you finish your crossword. More than one hundred chansons de geste have survived in approximately three hundred manuscripts[5] that date from the 12th to the 15th century. They deal chiefly with events of the 8th and chansons de geste. He is noble in carriage, and proud of bearing. The conflicts of the 14th century (Hundred Years' War) brought a renewed epic spirit and nationalistic (or propagandistic[22]) fervor to some chansons de geste (such as La Chanson de Hugues Capet).[23]. De Chanson de geste, in het Latijn ‘cantus gestualis’, is misschien niet echt een topper in de muziekafdeling van de Middeleeuwen, maar zeker wel in … Other than a few other works translated from the cycle of Charlemagne in the 13th century, the chansons de geste were not adapted into German, and it is believed that this was because the epic poems lacked what the romances specialized in portraying: scenes of idealized knighthood, love and courtly society.[63]. The length of the poems ranged from about 1,500 to 18,000 lines. De lengte van het gedicht varieerde van ongeveer 1500 tot 18.000 lijnen. Genre uit de Franse middeleeuwse epiek (11 de -14 de eeuw) dat de legendarisch geworden heldendaden van meestal Franse historische figuren vertelt (vandaar ook de benaming matière de France tegenover matière de Bretagne ). 46 relaties. Later chansons also tended to be composed using alexandrines (twelve-syllable) lines, instead of ten-syllable lines (some early chansons, such as Girart de Vienne, were even adapted into a twelve-syllable version). Tres devant Anthioce ens en la prairie. Under a pine tree, by a rosebush, François Guessard, Henri Michelant. The traditional subject matter of the chansons de geste became known as the Matter of France. They reached their highest point of acceptance in the period 1150–1250.[3]. Hoewel het genre oorspronkelijk in Frankrijk is ontstaan en daar tot grote bloei is gekomen, vinden we uit heel Europa teksten van dit type terug. [62] The chanson de geste form was also used in such Occitan texts as Canso d'Antioca (late 12th century), Daurel e Betó (first half of the 13th century), and Song of the Albigensian Crusade (c.1275) (cf Occitan literature). So Corbaran escaped across the plains of Syria; They focused particularly on the deeds of Charlemagne and his lords. [14], This theory was also supported by Robert Fawtier and by Léon Gautier (although Gautier thought the cantilenae were composed in Germanic languages). F. Vieweg, 1861 - Chansons de Geste: Aye d'Avignon - 140 pages. These stanzas are of variable length. More than 80 chansons de geste (“songs of deeds”) are known, the earliest and finest being the Chanson de Roland ( c. 1100; The Song of Roland ). The narrative structure of the chanson de geste has been compared to the one in the Nibelungenlied and in creole legends by Henri Wittmann[24] on the basis of common narreme structure as first developed in the work of Eugene Dorfman[25] and Jean-Pierre Tusseau[26]. Hoewel de Middelnederlandse Karelromans (doorgaans zeer vrije) vertalingen en bewerkingen van Oudfranse teksten zijn, hebben de Middelnederlandse dichters de laisse-structuur (strofen van willekeurige lengte) met assonerend rijm van het chanson de geste niet nagevolgd. The elements of the Chanson de geste are: For permission to use this work you can write to Tinker1111@icloud.com, LINK TO SITE COPYRIGHT DECLARATIONS Upsala and Paris, 1895. Earlier poems had more assonance than rhyme. The chief character is usually Charlemagne or one of his immediate successors. rhymed, the poems were composed by trouvères and were grouped in cycles about some great central figure such as Charlemagne. This local cycle of epics of Lorraine traditional history, in the late form in which it is now known, includes details evidently drawn from Huon de Bordeaux and Ogier le Danois. usually rhymed by assonance not true rhyme, however later versions did use true rhyme. 390–404. The rhyme is on ie: Or s'en fuit Corbarans tos les plains de Surie, [6] The historical events the chansons allude to occur in the eighth through tenth centuries, yet the earliest chansons we have were probably composed at the end of the eleventh century: only three chansons de geste have a composition that incontestably dates from before 1150: the Chanson de Guillaume, The Song of Roland and Gormont et Isembart:[6] the first half of the Chanson de Guillaume may date from as early as the eleventh century;[7][8] Gormont et Isembart may date from as early as 1068, according to one expert;[9] and The Song of Roland probably dates from after 1086[10] to c.1100. 1975. The chansons de geste reached their apogee in the period 1150–1250. There sits the king who rules sweet France; [36], About 1215 Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube, in the introductory lines to his Girart de Vienne, subdivided the Matter of France, the usual subject area of the chansons de geste, into three cycles, which revolved around three main characters (see quotation at Matter of France). Varying in length from 1,000 to 20,000 lines, assonanced or (in the 13th cent.) An example from the Chanson de Roland illustrates the technique of the ten-syllable assonanced form. While The Song of Roland was among the first French epics to be translated into German (by Konrad der Pfaffe as the Rolandslied, c.1170), and the German poet Wolfram von Eschenbach based his (incomplete) 13th century epic Willehalm (consisting of seventy-eight manuscripts) on the Aliscans, a work in the cycle of William of Orange (Eschenbach's work had a great success in Germany), these remained isolated examples. De verteller verschuilt zich meestentijds achter het verhaal (wat samenhangt met de historische kern van het chanson de geste). There are several other less formal lists of chansons, or of the legends they incorporate. He took only two kings in his company. chanson de geste: A French type of medieval narrative poem, the genre of the chanson de geste, to which the Roland belongs, is made up of poems whose subject is the deeds of great feudal clans--literally "songs about deeds." The chanson de geste is a medieval narrative, a type of epic poem that appears at the dawn of French literature. Het chanson de geste was een in de middeleeuwse literatuur populair episch genre waarin historische personen een hoofdrol speelden. The public of the chansons de geste—the lay (secular) public of the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries—was largely illiterate,[27] except for (at least to the end of the 12th century) members of the great courts and (in the south) smaller noble families. In Italy, there exist several 14th-century texts in verse or prose which recount the feats of Charlemagne in Spain, including a chanson de geste in Franco-Venetian, the Entrée d'Espagne (c.1320)[64] (notable for transforming the character of Roland into a knight errant, similar to heroes from the Arthurian romances[65]), and a similar Italian epic La Spagna (1350–1360) in ottava rima. The earliest chansons are all (more or less) anonymous; many later ones have named authors. krijgsdaden. Ed. Blanche ad la barbe et tut flurit le chef, S'enporte Brohadas, fis Soudan de Persie; As the genre matured, fantasy elements were introduced. 13 (1884). [3], It has been calculated that a reciter could sing about a thousand verses an hour[31] and probably limited himself to 1000–1300 verses by performance,[27] making it likely that the performance of works extended over several days. Chan son de geste [F., prop., song of history.] Scholarly opinions differ on the exact manner of recitation, but it is generally believed that the chansons de geste were originally sung (whereas the medieval romances were probably spoken)[30] by poets, minstrels or jongleurs, who would sometimes accompany themselves, or be accompanied, on the vielle, a mediæval fiddle played with a bow. Chanson De Geste — La mort de Roland à Roncevaux, sujet de chanson de geste. [15][17], Subsequent criticism has vacillated between "traditionalists" (chansons created as part of a popular tradition) and "individualists" (chansons created by a unique author),[15] but more recent historical research has done much to fill in gaps in the literary record and complicate the question of origins. Who had been killed in the battle by the clean sword Alongside the great battles and scenes of historic prowess of the early chansons there began to appear other themes. Since the 19th century, much critical debate has centered on the origins of the chansons de geste, and particularly on explaining the length of time between the composition of the chansons and the actual historical events which they reference. These chansons deal with knights who were typically younger sons, not heirs, who seek land and glory through combat with the Infidel (in practice, Muslim) enemy. Fierabras and Floripas: A French Epic Allegory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanson_de_geste&oldid=992838610, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 11:03. In each case the revolt ends with the defeat of the rebels and their eventual repentance. 300 år ældre begivenheder.. Der findes omkring 150 kvad bevaret, grupperet i tre hovedkredse, nemlig om Karl den Store, de oprørske vasaller og Vilhelm (fx La Chanson de Guillaume). Het chanson de geste valt onder de ridderroman. [6][11], Three early theories of the origin of chansons de geste believe in the continued existence of epic material (either as lyric poems, epic poems or prose narrations) in these intervening two or three centuries. Zooals hun naam aanduidt, werden zij gezongen, en wel door „jougleurs” (later „jongleurs”) met begeleiding van een snaarinstrument „vielle” (viool) genaamd. De historische figuren en verhaallijnen maken telkens deel uit van de matière de … Most are anonymous and are composed in lines of 10 or 12 syllables, grouped into laisses (strophes) based on assonance and, later, rhyme. Essai sur l'art épique des jongleurs, 1955. Jacques Normand and Gaston Raynaud. Realistic elements (money, urban scenes) and elements from the new court culture (female characters, the role of love) began to appear. Hoewel het genre oorspronkelijk in Frankrijk is ontstaan en daar tot grote bloei is gekomen, vinden we uit heel Europa teksten van dit type terug. A pervasive theme is the King's role as champion of Christianity. If anyone is looking for the King, he doesn't need to be pointed out. his beard is white, with a full head of hair. Paris: Vieweg, 1862. Het chanson de geste was een in de middeleeuwse literatuur populair episch genre waarin historische personen een hoofdrol speelden. As an indication of the role played by orality in the tradition of the chanson de geste, lines and sometimes whole stanzas, especially in the earlier examples, are noticeably formulaic in nature, making it possible both for the poet to construct a poem in performance and for the audience to grasp a new theme with ease. By using this site, you agree to our Guidelines. chanson de geste Etym : Fr. S'est kil demandet, ne l'estoet enseigner. Een chanson de geste geschreven tussen lijnen 10 en 12 lettergrepen, gegroepeerd in onregelmatige rijmende coupletten genoemd laisses.Eerder gedichten had meer assonantie dan rijm. Un faldestoed i unt, fait tout d'or mer: [37] Another is included by the Catalan troubadour Guiraut de Cabrera in his humorous poem Ensenhamen, better known from its first words as "Cabra juglar": this is addressed to a juglar (jongleur) and purports to instruct him on the poems he ought to know but doesn't.[38]. heldendicht < Lat. Our site is based on a vast data base which updates daily and can assist in solving hints appearing in diverse publications every day. Une chanson de geste est un récit versifié (un long poème) le plus souvent en décasyllabes ou, plus tardivement, en alexandrins, assonancés regroupés en laisses (strophes présentant la même assonance, de taille variable), relatant des exploits guerriers appartenant, le plus souvent, au passé [1 Presentatie. [3] By the middle of the 13th century, public taste in France had begun to abandon these epics, preferring, rather, the romances. In medieval Germany, the chansons de geste elicited little interest from the German courtly audience, unlike the romances which were much appreciated. "La structure de base de la syntaxe narrative dans les contes et légendes du créole haïtien.". "Règles de narration dans les chansons de geste et le roman courtois". Une chanson de geste est un récit versifié (un long poème) en décasyllabes ou, plus tardivement, en alexandrins, assonancés regroupés en laisses (longues strophes de taille variable) re … The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, before the emergence of the lyric poetry of the trouvères and the earliest verse romances. Chanson de geste heet het Oud-Fransche heldenepos, dat wil doorgaan als geschiedenis ( gesta ) en nationale motieven behandelt, meestal uit den tijd der Karolingers of zelfs der Merovingers. [31] Given that many chansons from the late twelfth century on extended to over 10,000 verses or more (for example, Aspremont comprises 11,376 verses, while Quatre Fils Aymon comprises 18,489 verses), it is conceivable that few spectators heard the longest works in their entirety. Opinions vary greatly on whether the early chansons were first written down and then read from manuscripts (although parchment was quite expensive[29]) or memorized for performance,[30] or whether portions were improvised,[29] or whether they were entirely the product of spontaneous oral composition and later written down. [29] By the middle of the 13th century, singing had probably given way to recitation. Elle est très souvent encadrée par un vers d'intonation et un vers de conclusion, le développement intérieur étant plus libre, mais structuré par le vers, généralement décasyllabe de coupe 4/6. [58] As the genre progressed in the middle of the 13th century, only certain traits (like versification, laisse structure, formulaic forms, setting, and other clichés of the genre) remained to set the chansons apart from the romances. Martín de Riquer, Los cantares de gesta franceses (1952) pp. 412–3. Composed in verse, these narrative poems of moderate length (averaging 4000 lines[4]) were originally sung, or (later) recited, by minstrels or jongleurs. [28] Thus, the chansons were primarily an oral medium. They focused particularly on the deeds of Charlemagne and his lords. Composed in verse, these narrative poems … Each laisse carries the same vowel sound in the last syllable of the line, therefore each laisse is monorhymed. (later Chansons sometimes used 12 syllable lines.). [3] Other fantasy and adventure elements, derived from the romances, were gradually added:[3] giants, magic, and monsters increasingly appear among the foes along with Muslims. [58] The 15th century saw the cycles of chansons (along with other chronicles) converted into large prose compilations (such as the compilation made by David Aubert). Article: "Entrée d'Espagne", pp. Some of the characters that were devised by the poets in this genre include the fairy Oberon, who made his literary debut in Huon de Bordeaux; and the magic horse Bayard, who first appears in Renaud de Montauban. Li bons dus Godefrois a le chiere hardie Chanson de geste is Old French, a song of heroic deeds, Epic poems from between the 11th and 15th centuries. In the late 13th century, certain French chansons de geste were adapted into the Old Norse Karlamagnús saga. The French chanson gave rise to the Old Spanish tradition of the cantar de gesta. Gaston Paris defined a chanson de geste as a song the subject of which is a series of historical facts or gesta. Literatuur: J. Rychner, La chanson de geste. Any Old French epic poem having for its subject events or exploits of early French history, real or legendary, and written originally in assonant verse of ten or twelve syllables. For permission to use this work you can write to, syllabic, each line is decasyllabic (10 syllables) most divided by a strong caesura usually after the 4th syllable. Several popular chansons were written down more than once in varying forms. Het chanson de geste valt onder de ridderroman. Ed. 0 Reviews . [23][59] Yet, the themes of the epics continued to exert an influence through the 16th century.[59]. [12] Critics like Claude Charles Fauriel, François Raynouard and German Romanticists like Jacob Grimm posited the spontaneous creation of lyric poems by the people as a whole at the time of the historic battles, which were later put together to form the epics. 1995. Similarly, scholars differ greatly on the social condition and literacy of the poets themselves; were they cultured clerics or illiterate jongleurs working within an oral tradition? Chanson de geste Het chanson de geste was een in de middeleeuwse literatuur populair episch genre waarin historische personen een hoofdrol speelden. More than one hundred chansons de geste have survived in around three hundred manuscripts[5] that date from the 12th to the 15th century. [12][15], Another theory (largely discredited today[16]), developed by Joseph Bédier, posited that the early chansons were recent creations, not earlier than the year 1000, developed by singers who, emulating the songs of "saints lives" sung in front of churches (and collaborating with the church clerics[16]), created epic stories based on the heroes whose shrines and tombs dotted the great pilgrimage routes, as a way of drawing pilgrims to these churches. The most famous… De verhalen van het chanson de geste werden door jongleurs of "speelmannen" voorgedragen, onder begeleiding van muziek en mogelijk ook toneelspel. By aaaaa bbb ccccccccccc dd etc. Memorial book launch in honour of Roger Pensom on 30 October 2018, Hertford College, University of Oxford. Morgante (c.1483) by Luigi Pulci, Orlando innamorato (1495) by Matteo Maria Boiardo, Orlando furioso (1516) by Ludovico Ariosto, and Jerusalem Delivered (1581) by Torquato Tasso are all indebted to the French narrative material (the Pulci, Boiardo and Ariosto poems are founded on the legends of the paladins of Charlemagne, and particularly, of Roland, translated as "Orlando"). Through such works, the "Matter of France" became an important source of material (albeit significantly transformed) in Italian romantic epics. Hasenohr. The following example of the twelve-syllable rhymed form is from the opening lines of Les Chétifs, a chanson in the Crusade cycle. [2] The earliest known poems of this genre date from the late eleventh and early twelfth centuries, before the emergence of the lyric poetry of the trouvères (troubadours) and the earliest verse romances. Aye d'Avignon: chanson de geste. The subject matter of the chansons evolved over time, according to public taste. By the middle of the 12th century, the corpus of works was being expanded principally by "cyclisation", that is to say by the formation of "cycles" of chansons attached to a character or group of characters—with new chansons being added to the ensemble by singing of the earlier or later adventures of the hero, of his youthful exploits ("enfances"), the great deeds of his ancestors or descendants, or his retreat from the world to a convent ("moniage") – or attached to an event (like the Crusades). the scholarship of Ernst Robert Curtius) in the intervening centuries. One can be found in the fabliau entitled Des Deux Bordeors Ribauz, a humorous tale of the second half of the 13th century, in which a jongleur lists the stories he knows. chansons de geste (shäNsôN` də zhĕst) [Fr.,=songs of deeds], a group of epic poems of medieval France written from the 11th through the 13th cent.

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