basilique rome fonction

[7] Civic basilicas throughout Asia Minor became Christian places of worship; examples are known at Ephesus, Aspendos, and at Magnesia on the Maeander. Dans la Rome antique, la basilique suit la même évolution que la stoa grecque et, initialement prévue comme espace public à l'abri des intempéries, elle finit par se spécialiser dans certaines activités, essentiellement judiciaires, toutes les basiliques romaines servant pour l'administration de la justice [1]. The first basilicas with transepts were built under the orders of Emperor Constantine, both in Rome and in his "New Rome", Constantinople: Around 380, Gregory Nazianzen, describing the Constantinian Church of the Holy Apostles at Constantinople, was the first to point out its resemblance to a cross. J.-C. s’inspirent du modèle grec tel qu'il a été vu lors des campagnes romaines en Macédoine et en Syrie. Papst war, wurde Antonio Maria Traversi nach Rom gerufen, wo er 1833 Kanoniker der päpstlichen Basilika Santa Maria Maggiore und Päpstlicher Hausprälat wurde. In the 3rd century of the Christian era, the governing elite appeared less frequently in the forums. [53], The Church of the East's Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon was convened by the Sasanian Emperor Yazdegerd I at his capital at Ctesiphon; according to Synodicon Orientale, the emperor ordered that the former churches in the Sasanian Empire to be restored and rebuilt, that such clerics and ascetics as had been imprisoned were to be released, and their Nestorian Christian communities allowed to circulate freely and practice openly. Une basilique civile, ou simplement basilique (en latin : basilica), désigne durant l'Antiquité un grand édifice public destiné à abriter des activités commerciales, financières et judiciaires. The plays were composed between 210 and 184 BC and refer to a building that might be identified with the Atrium Regium. J.-C.[3], époque à partir de laquelle la plupart des tribunaux l'utilisent dans tout l'Empire[2]. L'intérieur de la basilique est divisée en plusieurs nefs par des rangées de colonnes simples ou doubles. Stepped hall: The vaults of the central nave begin a bit higher than those of the lateral aisles, but there is no additional storey. Internet Archive BookReader Les sept basiliques de Rome, ou visite des sept églises, It’s easy and only takes a few seconds. Basilique civile du site archéologique d'Alésia. [31] Another, shallower apse with niches for statues was added to the centre of the north wall in a second campaign of building, while the western apse housed a colossal acrolithic statue of the emperor Constantine enthroned. Palma Cathedral on Mallorca in Spain has windows on three levels, one above the aisles, one above the file of chapels and one in the chapels. [23] Optimus was the city's delegate at the First Council of Constantinople in 381, so the 70 m-long single-apsed basilica near the city walls must have been constructed around that time. [3], These basilicas were rectangular, typically with central nave and aisles, usually with a slightly raised platform and an apse at each of the two ends, adorned with a statue perhaps of the emperor, while the entrances were from the long sides. Elle peut accueillir 60 000 personnes et comprend 27 chapelles richement décorées. [24] The site was already venerated as the martyrium of three early Christian burials beforehand, and part of the insula had been decorated in the style favoured by Christian communities frequenting the early Catacombs of Rome. [25], Basilica churches were not economically inactive. Rededicated 561 to St Apollinaris. For the designation "basilica" in canon law, see, The title of minor basilicas was first attributed to the church of, Architecture of cathedrals and great churches, "The Institute for Sacred Architecture – Articles – The Eschatological Dimension of Church Architecture", "New Testament Archaeology Beyond the Gospels", "The Remains of London's Roman Basilica and Forum", "Opus reticulatum panels in the Severan Basilica at Lepcis Magna", "Baptisteries in Ancient Sites and Rites", "The Archaeology of Early Christianity: The History, Methods, and State of a Field", "Hydraulic capacity of ancient water conveyance systems to Ephesus", Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilica&oldid=993485440, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Basilica Porcia: first basilica built in Rome (184 BC), erected on the personal initiative and financing of the censor Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Elder) as an official building for the, This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 21:26. [47], In the late 4th century, a large basilica church dedicated to Mary, mother of Jesus was constructed in Ephesus in the former south stoa (a commercial basilica) of the Temple of Hadrian Olympios. Chaque ville romaine développée possède une basilique, souvent située à proximité immédiate du forum. [8] Because they were able to hold large number of people, basilicas were adopted for Christian liturgical use after Constantine the Great. [26], Around 310, while still a self-proclaimed augustus unrecognised at Rome, Constantine began the construction of the Basilica Constantiniana or Aula Palatina, 'palatine hall', as a reception hall for his imperial seat at Trier (Augusta Treverorum), capital of Belgica Prima. J.-C. s'inspire de la stoa grecque (ἡ στοά), un portique fermé à l'arrière par un mur plein et ouvert en façade par une colonnade. [65] According to Ahudemmeh's biographer this basilica and its martyrium, in the upper Tigris valley, was supposed to be a copy of the Basilica of St Sergius at Sergiopolis (Resafa), in the middle Euphrates, so that the Arabs would not have to travel so far on pilgrimage. [25], At Cirta, a Christian basilica erected by Constantine was taken over by his opponents, the Donatists. In Romania, the word for church both as a building and as an institution is biserică, derived from the term basilica. Poursuivez jusqu'à la Basilique Saint Jean de Latran (San Giovanni in Laterano), cathédrale de Rome. [23], At Chalcedon, opposite Constantinople on the Bosporus, the relics of Euphemia – a supposed Christian martyr of the Diocletianic Persecution – were housed in a martyrium accompanied by a basilica. A noter qu'elle n'est pas la cathédrale de Rome puisque c'est Saint Jean de Latran qui assure cette fonction. [9], Beside the Basilica Porcia on the Forum Romanum, the Basilica Aemilia was built in 179 BC, and the Basilica Sempronia in 169 BC. [24] Outside the basilica was the Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, a rare example of an Antique statue that has never been underground. [7], The remains of a large subterranean Neopythagorean basilica dating from the 1st century AD were found near the Porta Maggiore in Rome in 1915, and is known as the Porta Maggiore Basilica. The result is a much darker interior. In the later 4th century, other Christian basilicas were built in Rome: Santa Sabina, and St Paul's Outside the Walls (4th century), and later St Clement (6th century). Les sept basiliques de Rome, ou visite des sept églises, / Author: Bussiere, Marie Théodore Renouard, vicomte de, 1802-1865: Note: Paris : J. Lecoffre et cie, 1846 : Link: page images at HathiTrust: No stable link: This is an uncurated book entry from our extended bookshelves, readable online now but without a stable link here. [52] In North Africa, late antique basilicas were often built on a doubled plan. Finally visit the Basilica of St John Lateran, cathedral of the Bishop of Rome. [35] After Constantine's failure to resolve the Donatist controversy by coercion between 317 and 321, he allowed the Donatists, who dominated Africa, to retain the basilica and constructed a new one for the Catholic Church. Cet espace couvert est à l'origine un lieu de rencontre destiné à protéger diverses activités des intempéries et placé en bordure de l'espace public, l'agora. The short sides of the structure formed apses, while the main entrance was via three doorways on the long east front overlooking the Forum of Trajan, which was one meter below the level of the Basilica. Additional comments: To ensure the quality of comments, you need to be connected. J.-C., les nouvelles basiliques Porcia, Æmilia et Sempronia construites autour du Forum sont désignées par le nom du censeur commanditaire de leur construction[2]. [24] Imperial basilicas were first constructed for the Christian Eucharist liturgy in the reign of Constantine. Leonid basilica Church of the Acheiropoietos, Thessaloniki, 450–60. EMBED. Preface par Émile Mâle. [15][3] It was an especially grand example whose particular symmetrical arrangement with an apse at both ends was repeated in the provinces as a characteristic form. Lorsque le christianisme est devenu religion officielle de l'Empire romain, les chrétiens utilisèrent les basiliques existantes pour tenir les réunions du culte. [24] This basilica became Rome's cathedral church, known as St John Lateran, and was more richly decorated and larger than any previous Christian structure. [33] A narthex (sometimes with an exonarthex) or vestibule could be added to the entrance, together with an atrium, and the interior might have transepts, a pastophorion, and galleries, but the basic scheme with clerestory windows and a wooden truss roof remained the most typical church type until the 6th century. [3] Domitian constructed a basilica on the Palatine Hill for his imperial residential complex around 92 AD, and a palatine basilica was typical in imperial palaces throughout the imperial period. na de Basilique de Notre-Dame de la Paix in Yamoussokro in Ivoorkust, St Pieters in Rome, St Paul's in London en Santa Maria Dei Fiori in Florence. Plan de la basilique Ulpia sur la Forma Urbis. [18], The basilica at Leptis Magna, built by the Septimius Severus a century later in about 216 is a notable 3rd century AD example of the traditional type, most notable among the works influenced by the Basilica Ulpia. Hagia Sophia, Serdica (Sofia), built 4th–8th centuries. [12] At Londinium however, there was probably no temple at all attached to the original basilica, but instead a contemporary temple was constructed nearby. [33] Churches were nonetheless basilican in form, with an apse or tribunal at the end of a nave with two or more aisles typical. In the Roman Imperial period (after about 27 BC), a basilica for large audiences also became a feature in palaces. Gradually, in the Early Middle Ages there emerged the massive Romanesque churches, which still kept the fundamental plan of the basilica. [64] Nearby the Church of Hagia Sophia, is a vaulted burial chamber with Christian painted decoration. In secular building this plan was more typically used for the smaller audience halls of the emperors, governors, and the very rich than for the great public basilicas functioning as law courts and other public purposes. Inspiration may have come from prototypes like Athens's Stoa Basileios or the hypostyle hall on Delos, but the architectural form is most derived from the audience halls in the royal palaces of the Diadochi kingdoms of the Hellenistic period. J.-C., donne une liste de onze basiliques pour la ville de Rome[a 3],[9]. The building does not need to be a basilica in the architectural sense. A rare American church built imitating the architecture of an Early Christian basilica, St. Mary's (German) Church in Pennsylvania, now demolished. [25] As with most Justinianic baptisteries in the Balkans and Asia Minor, the baptistery at the Basilica of St John was on the northern side of the basilica's nave; the 734 m2 baptistery was separated from the basilica by a 3 m-wide corridor. [36] According to Augustine of Hippo, the dispute resulted in Ambrose organising an 'orthodox' sit-in at the basilica and arranged the miraculous invention and translation of martyrs, whose hidden remains had been revealed in a vision. Les Sept Basiliques de Rome: Ou Visite Des Sept Eglises, ... | Marie Theodore Renouard Bussierre (Vico | ISBN: 9781277874112 | Kostenloser Versand für alle Bücher mit Versand und Verkauf duch Amazon. [48][61] The Ephesians' basilicas to St Mary and St John were both equipped with baptisteries with filling and draining pipes: both fonts were flush with the floor and unsuitable for infant baptism. In late antiquity, church buildings were typically constructed either as martyria, or with a basilica's architectural plan. [43] The basilica, which lay outside the walls of Chalcedon, was destroyed by the Persians in the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 during one of the Sasanian occupations of the city in 615 and 626. [51], The largest and oldest basilica churches in Egypt were at Pbow, a coenobitic monastery established by Pachomius the Great in 330. Because the cult of the cross was spreading at about the same time, this comparison met with stunning success. [clarify][citation needed] Although their form was variable, basilicas often contained interior colonnades that divided the space, giving aisles or arcaded spaces on one or both sides, with an apse at one end (or less often at each end), where the magistrates sat, often on a slightly raised dais. Le plan de la basilique civile romaine a servi de modèle à la fin de l'Antiquité pour la construction des premières églises chrétiennes, d'où l'utilisation du terme « basilique » pour désigner certaines églises depuis l'époque de Constantin. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. [9] In the eastern cemetery of Hierapolis the 5th century domed octagonal martyrium of Philip the Apostle was built alongside a basilica church, while at Myra the Basilica of St Nicholas was constructed at the tomb of Saint Nicholas. La nef centrale (spatium medium[a 1]), plus large et occupant presque toute la longueur du plan rectangulaire, est flanquée de nefs latérales (une de chaque côté pour les basiliques à trois nefs, deux pour les basiliques à cinq nefs) plus étroites mais tout aussi longues[7]. [24], In the late 4th century the dispute between Nicene and Arian Christianity came to head at Mediolanum (Milan), where Ambrose was bishop. [24] A Christian structure which included the prototype of the triumphal arch at the east end of later Constantinian basilicas. [24] Similarly, at Santi Giovanni e Paolo al Celio, an entire ancient city block – a 2nd-century insula on the Caelian Hill – was buried beneath a 4th-century basilica. [64] This basilica was the cathedral of Serdica and was one of three basilicas known to lie outside the walls; three more churches were within the walled city, of which the Church of Saint George was a former Roman bath built in the 4th century, and another was a former Mithraeum. Interior of Santa Sabina, with spolia Corinthian columns from the Temple of Juno Regina. Voyager comme Ulysse. Floor plan of the Justinianic Basilica of St John, Ephesus, after 535/6. traducción basilique Saint Jean de Latran del frances al ingles, diccionario Frances - Ingles, ver también , ejemplos, conjugación [3] Thereafter until the 4th century AD, monumental basilicas were routinely constructed at Rome by both private citizens and the emperors. [20], The aisled-hall plan of the basilica was adopted by a number of religious cults in late antiquity. [6] Beginning with Cato in the early second century BC, politicians of the Roman Republic competed with one another by building basilicas bearing their names in the Forum Romanum, the centre of ancient Rome. Ces édifices sont richement décorés grâce aux objets d’art pris sur les royaumes vaincus[8]. [16] Also known as the Basilica Constantiniana, 'Basilica of Constantine' or Basilica Nova, 'New Basilica', it chanced to be the last civic basilica built in Rome. [14] Remains of the great basilica and its arches were discovered during the construction of Leadenhall Market in the 1880s. Basilicas of this type were built in western Europe, Greece, Syria, Egypt, and Palestine, that is, at any early centre of Christianity. This designation may be made by the Pope or may date from time immemorial. [63] Some column capitals were of marble from Greece identical to those in Basilica of San Vitale and must have been imported from the Byzantine centre along with the columns and some of the opus sectile. The Latin word basilica derives from Ancient Greek: βασιλική στοά, romanized: basilikè stoá, lit. [24] Christian priests did not interact with attendees during the rituals which took place at determined intervals, whereas pagan priests were required to perform individuals' sacrifices in the more chaotic environment of the temple precinct, with the temple's facade as backdrop. [50] The Basilica of the Virgin Mary was probably the venue for the 431 Council of Ephesus and the 449 Second Council of Ephesus, both convened by Theodosius II. [27], Three examples of a basilica discoperta or "hypaethral basilica" with no roof above the nave are inferred to have existed. [31][32] Earlier basilicas had mostly had wooden roofs, but this basilica dispensed with timber trusses and used instead cross-vaults made from Roman bricks and concrete to create one of the ancient world's largest covered spaces: 80 m long, 25 m wide, and 35 m high. [3] Provinces in the west lacked this tradition, and the basilicas the Romans commissioned there were more typically Italian, with the central nave divided from the side-aisles by an internal colonnade in regular proportions. [16] The Bailica Ulpia is probably an early example of tie bars to restrain the lateral thrust of the barrel vault resting on a colonnade; both tie-bars and scoria were used in contemporary work at the Baths of Trajan and later the Hadrianic domed vault of the Pantheon. [36] During the sit-in, Augustine credits Ambrose with the introduction from the "eastern regions" of antiphonal chanting, to give heart to the orthodox congregation, though in fact music was likely part of Christian ritual since the time of the Pauline epistles. rome: école française 2001. [1] Basilicas were also built in private residences and imperial palaces and were known as "palace basilicas". [31] One of the remaining marble interior columns was removed in 1613 by Pope Paul V and set up as an honorific column outside Santa Maria Maggiore. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek East. [38] The basilica already existed when Egeria passed through Chalcedon in 384, and in 436 Melania the Younger visited the church on her own journey to the Holy Land. [65] Qasr Serīj's construction may have been part of the policy of toleration that Khosrow and his successors had for Miaphysitism – a contrast with Justinian's persecution of heterodoxy within the Roman empire. Floor late 4th century; walls 5/6th century. [12] Unlike in Gaul, basilica-forum complexes in Roman Britain did not usually include a temple; instead a shrine was usually inside the basilica itself. [3] To improve the quality of the Roman concrete used in the Basilica Ulpia, volcanic scoria from the Bay of Naples and Mount Vesuvius were imported which, though heavier, was stronger than the pumice available closer to Rome. They now tended to dominate their cities from opulent palaces and country villas, set a little apart from traditional centers of public life. Clustered columns emphasised the "crossing" of the two axes. Putting an altar instead of the throne, as was done at Trier, made a church. En présence des attentats sacrilèges commis à Rome contre les droits de l’Eglise et du Saint Siège, et contre la personne sacrée du vicaire de Jésus Christ. [60] The Central Basilica replaced a synagogue on a site razed in the late 5th century, and there was also a North Basilica and further basilicas without the walls. [38] From the description of Evagrius Scholasticus the church is identifiable as an aisled basilica attached to the martyrium and preceded by an atrium. Justinian I constructed at Ephesus a large basilica church, the Basilica of St John, above the supposed tomb of John the Apostle. [23] Traditional monumental civic amenities like gymnasia, palaestrae, and thermae were also falling into disuse, and became favoured sites for the construction of new churches, including basilicas. Corona Update : 23 October 2020. The building gave its name to the architectural form of the basilica. [3] On the exterior, Constantine's palatine basilica was plain and utilitarian, but inside was very grandly decorated. Basilicas are typically rectangular buildings with a central nave flanked by two or more longitudinal aisles, with the roof at two levels, being higher in the centre over the nave to admit a clerestory and lower over the side-aisles. [26] Christian basilicas and martyria attributable to the 4th century are rare on the Greek mainland and on the Cyclades, while the Christian basilicas of Egypt, Cyprus, Syria, Transjordan, Hispania, and Gaul are nearly all of later date. In the post Nicene period, basilicas became a standard model for Christian spaces for congregational worship throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. [69] Constantine built a basilica of this type in his palace complex at Trier, later very easily adopted for use as a church. Finden Sie perfekte Stock-Fotos zum Thema S Basilica sowie redaktionelle Newsbilder von Getty Images. [54] Separate entrances for men and women were installed in the southern or northern wall; within, the east end of the nave was reserved for men, while women and children were stood behind. An apse at one end, or less frequently at both ends or on the side, usually contained the raised tribunal occupied by the Roman magistrates. [45][46] Subsequently, Asterius's sermon On the Martyrdom of St Euphemia was advanced as an argument for iconodulism at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. Welche Rolle die Basilika in diesem Zusammenhang spielte, ist ebenso ungeklärt wie die Frage, welche Funktion ihr zukam. [13], At Corinth in the 1st century AD, a new basilica was constructed in on the east side of the forum. [27][29] Likewise at Maroni Petrera on Cyprus, the amphorae unearthed by archaeologists in the 5th century basilica church had been imported from North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, and the Aegean basin, as well as from neighbouring Asia Minor. [55][56] Cultural tourism thrived at Olympia and Ancient Greek religion continued to be practised there well into the 4th century. [35] (Constantine had disbanded the Praetorian guard after his defeat of their emperor Maxentius and replaced them with another bodyguard, the Scholae Palatinae. There were several variations of the basic plan of the secular basilica, always some kind of rectangular hall, but the one usually followed for churches had a central nave with one aisle at each side and an apse at one end opposite to the main door at the other end. [2], The plays of Plautus suggest that basilica buildings may have existed prior to Cato's building. Basilica: The central nave extends to one or two storeys more than the lateral aisles, and it has upper windows. Opposite the northern apse on the southern wall, another monumental entrance was added and elaborated with a portico of porphyry columns. Ostrogothic Basilica of Christ the Redeemer, Ravenna, 504. [59], Stobi, (Ancient Greek: Στόβοι, romanized: Stóboi) the capital from the late 4th century of the province of Macedonia II Salutaris, had numerous basilicas and six palaces in late antiquity. Ce premier édifice, daté de la toute fin du IIIe siècle av. Le mot continue de désigner des édifices religieux d'une importance particulière, sans pour autant remplir les fonctions d'une cathédrale, qui bénéficient de privilèges particuliers[13]. [19] The basilica stood in a new forum and was accompanied by a programme of Severan works at Leptis including thermae, a new harbour, and a public fountain. Outre les 4 basiliques majeures, Rome compte plus d'une soixantaine de basiliques mineures, plus que n'importe quelle autre ville au monde (la ville qui en compte le plus après Rome, Buenos Aires en Argentine, n'en compte que 15). La basilique romaine qui apparaît au cours du IIe siècle av. Chef d'oeuvre de la Renaissance et du Baroque, elle représente le renouveau de la Ville Eternelle. In the United States the style was copied with variances. [6] Basilicas were the administrative and commercial centres of major Roman settlements: the "quintessential architectural expression of Roman administration". La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 7 novembre 2020 à 11:23. The first known basilica—the Basilica Porcia in the Roman Forum—was constructed in 184 BC by Marcus Porcius Cato (the Elder). Rome est donc une République oligarchique; autrement dit, c'est un régime politique où les pouvoirs sont répartis entre les gens les plus influents et les plus riches. Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe near Ravenna in Italy. A peculiar type of basilica, known as three-church basilica, was developed in early medieval Georgia, characterised by the central nave which is completely separated from the aisles with solid walls.[70]. Thus, a Christian symbolic theme was applied quite naturally to a form borrowed from civil semi-public precedents. Basiliques mineures. The episcopal see was the three-aisled Basilica A, the Church of St Demetrius of Thessaloniki, and similar to the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki. [31], In the early 4th century Eusebius used the word basilica (Ancient Greek: βασιλική, romanized: basilikḗ) to refer to Christian churches; in subsequent centuries as before, the word basilica referred in Greek to the civic, non-ecclesiastical buildings, and only in rare exceptions to churches. De Basiliek van Koekelberg is de vijfde grootste kerk ter wereld. L’expression complète est βασιλικά οἰκία (basilika oikia) qui signifie « salle royale ». [54], In eastern Syria, the Church of the East developed at typical pattern of basilica churches. In Europe and the Americas the basilica remained the most common architectural style for churches of all Christian denominations, though this building plan has become less dominant in new buildings since the late 20th century. This was the architectural ground-plan of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, until in the 15th century it was demolished to make way for a modern church built to a new plan. 'royal stoa'. [24] A number of buildings previously believed to have been Constantinian or 4th century have been reassessed as dating to later periods, and certain examples of 4th century basilicas are not distributed throughout the Mediterranean world at all evenly. [50] It had also been a centre of the Imperial cult of ancient Rome in Asia; Ephesus was three times declared Neocorate (Ancient Greek: νεωκόρος, romanized: neōkoros, lit. [4][5] The Roman basilica was a large public building where business or legal matters could be transacted. A private basilica excavated at Bulla Regia (Tunisia), in the "House of the Hunt", dates from the first half of the 5th century. [65] More likely, with the support of Khosrow I for its construction and defence against the Nestorians who were Miaphysites' rivals, the basilica was part of an attempt to control the frontier tribes and limit their contact with the Roman territory of Justinian, who had agreed in the 562 Fifty-Year Peace Treaty to pay 30,000 nomismata annually to Khosrow in return for a demilitarization of the frontier after the latest phase of the Roman–Persian Wars. [48][23] The Justinianic basilica replaced an earlier, smaller structure which Egeria had planned to visit in the 4th century, and remains of a 2,130 foot (650 m) aqueduct branch built to supply the complex with water probably dates from Justinian's reign.

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