Erosion and the washing out of roads and bridges are common. kcse revision notes Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change. It is widespread on the west coast of the United Kingdom due to the prevailing weather coming from that direction. The distinction between rainy and dry seasons is marked with no rain at all falling in June, July and August. Warm air is pushed up and over the terrain and cools at the higher altitude, producing . 3.2 Wetlands 3.3 Zambia has Eight Wetlands of International Importance which include, the Kafue Flats . In Zambia a sole ecoregion within the biome is represented. Convectional rainfall occur for very short duration but occur in form of heavy showers. What is the value of the tropical rainforest? Relief rain usually occurs along coastal areas where a line of hills runs along the . When the land warms up, it heats the air above it. The Southern and Eastern areas have most of the highest areas of the continent (900-1200m). What is the location and importance of Mumbai? Types of Rainfall. Safaris, Zimbabwe 15.099 The fires are ignited by villagers hunting, burning crop residue, and preparing chitemene gardens; or by lightning in the early rainy season. Zambia weather in November 2023. Annual maize production in Zambia was on average 1.1 Mt in the period 2000 to 2010, and average yields of about 1.5 t/ha that have not significantly changed over the past 20 years. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. Three climate regions are recognized based on rainfall dynamics and vegetation: Region 1: Tropical savannas covering the country's major valleys, including the driest areas of Zambia, with annual rainfall below 600 mm. k) Highland areas along the equator experience modifi ed equatorial climate. Where are polar and tundra environments located? Much of the economic, cultural and social life of the country is dominated by the onset and end of the rainy season, and the amount of rain it brings. Make decisions like a pro by using our 79,846 reviews and 216 destination guides. 17 Western and north-western India recorded more malaria cases with higher rainfall during La . Almera in Spain: a large-scale agricultural development, Sustainable Food Supplies in an LIC Bangladesh. As a result, rainfall is usually low on the leeward side of the mountain range and the area is said to be in a rain shadow. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Relief rainfall, also known as orographic rainfall, occurs in areas where land increases height. As the air rises, it cools and condenses. kcse Tours, Namibia Thirsty animals crowd around the waterholes and rivers to drink. What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria? Along the banks of permanent rivers and in the spray of waterfalls are evergreen thickets similar in character to tropical rainforest, relics of a wetter past. The torrential rainfall and flooding could aggravate the already fragile food insecurity situation in Zambia. November - An unpredictable month, but usually with some afternoon rain. As the air rises, it cools, condenses and forms rain. Precipitation is measured using a rain gauge, and more recently remote sensing techniques such as a weather radar. This type of rainfall is called orographic rainfall or relief rainfall. The rest of the year is hot and dry. excessive high rainfall has acidic soils due to leaching, limiting crop production. Protection of cold environments as wilderness areas. pp (EUR), Zambia: The dominant genus, Cryptosepalum, is a tree in the legume family. Stage 2. Relief rainfall is formed when the air cools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. Prior to the current 2005/06 season, the ZMD predicted normal to above normal rainfall for most parts of Zambia. However, these regular droughts have become more extreme and more unpredictable due to climate change.In fact studies based on dendrochronology, or tree rings dating, confirm that drought affected by global warming goes back to 1900.. Rainfall. necta chemistry past papers Most of South Africa is a summer rainfall area, November to March, while the Western Cape Province receives most of its rain during winter, May to August. history of South Africa [3][citation needed]. civics past papers Please select which cookies you would like to keep switched on. This chain is exploited by birds in their migration and in former times, animals also migrated along the chain. Lusaka City natural surface drainage (Natural Surface Water Flow Pattern) By clicking Accept you agree that we use Analytical cookies for gathering information about how our Prevailing winds in the dry season are generally moderate but occasionally more severe and may bring cool dust-laden air from distant arid regions. How does geology affect the formation of river landforms? How do weather and climate affect river landscapes? Clouds form and produce rain. As the air rises it cools and condenses. Indeed, the government buys maize from the farmers through the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) for two purposes: for resale to millers in case of a shortage and for relief in hunger stricken areas. Elsewhere, plants and animals are adapted to the long dry season. The leeward side is sometimes known as a rain shadow area. Use the images below to explore related GeoTopics. In Southern Africa, countries have recently experienced malaria epidemics following unusual rainfall. It also means more runoff, more percolation, and more water erosion. This area is called the rain shadow. This type of rainfall is common in places with mountains and sea. SPACE DYNAMICS AND CLIMATOLOGY Grey dambo soils contain more nutrients but are waterlogged in the rainy season and often very acidic, restricting the plants which can grow there to sedges and wiry grasses tolerant of marshy conditions. Relief rainfall is formed when the aircools as it rises over relief features in the landscape such as hills or mountains. Relief (or Orographic) rainfall occurs in areas with mountains and/or complex terrains. Zambia has a predominantly humid subtropical climate with small patches of semi-arid steppe in the southwest of the country. Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. Prevailing winds are not usually very strong and a lack of a great deal of dry fuel on the ground (since most areas are burnt annually it does not build up) means that the fires are not as devastating as in countries such as Australia and the south-western USA. Failure of the rains causes hunger in most cases. Stage 1. Convectional rain. View Photos (24) In winter, The temperature here averages 21.0 C | 69.8 F. The main aspects of the physical environment which determine the biomes and ecoregions of Zambia are: climate, specifically rainfall amount, length of the dry season, and temperature, which is related to elevation; and soils and bushfires. chemistry past paper These are Central, Copperbelt, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Muchinga, Northern, North-Western, Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. It Part of the industrial area flooded. Safaris, DR Congo Rain clouds gather over grain silos in the grain-producing region of the Overberg . The convective storm started when hail 5 to 10 cms diameter hit a number of rural counties. The main sites are: The Mopane tree Colophospermum mopane is also a legume and grows in hotter locations than the miombo species, and so Mopane woodlands, covering about 15% of the country, replace southern miombo woodlands at lower elevations in valleys in the south of the country, principally: This ecoregion, covering about 5% of Zambia in the south-west, is dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga, Zambian teak. What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply? When classified according to the rate of precipitation, rain can be divided into categories. [2][citation needed], Deciduous trees which lose leaves in the dry season to conserve water predominate over evergreens which have waxy leaf cuticles for the same purpose. Before the floods, more than 2.3 million people were expected to be severely food insecure during the lean season (October 2019 March 2020), with at least 430,000 of them in Emergency (IPC 4). In neighbouring Lumezi District, around 60 families had to leave their houses. Heavy rainfall in recent days has led to riverine and flash floods in Zambia, mainly in the Southern Province, with Gwembe and Siavonga Districts hardest-hit. Zambia's average annual temperature has increased by 1.3C since 1960, an average rate of 0.29C per decade. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. It rains mostly on the windward slopes. What factors influence the effects and response to tectonic activity? The Zambia Meteorological Department has warned of more flash floods and heavy fall in North-western, Central, Copperbelt and Lusaka Provinces. Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the . December, January, February & March - The wettest months, with heavy downpours in the afternoon. Zambia, landlocked country in south-central Africa. There is no significantly discernable trend in the frequency of heavy rainfall events in recent years (McSweeney et al, 2010). Three climate regions are recognized based on rainfall dynamics and vegetation: Region 1: Tropical savannas covering the country's major valleys, including the driest areas of Zambia, with annual rainfall below 600m m. does not contain personal information, cannot be traced back to you, and, Lusakas Climate Compared to Zambias Parks, Zambia The process starts when the sun heats the ground. Sure, this shaded relief map is nice. A historical map of the ancient Sumerian Empire would have a date range of between 5,000 B.C. As the air descends, it warms, meaning it can carry water moisture, so there is little rain on this side of the mountain. Rainfall in Lusaka amounts to 850 mm (33.5 in) per year, with a maximum from December to February, when about 200 mm (8 in) of rain fall per month, while from May to October, it almost never rains. During the 2019/2020 rainy season, Zambia recorded above normal rainfall which resulted into flooding and dry spells in isolated parts of the country particularly in Western Province. In Ndola, the climate is warm and temperate. Tours, South Africa By. Warm wet air is forced to rise over high land. i) The rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the year, averaging about 2 000 mm. The climate of Zambia in Central and Southern Africa is definitely tropical modified by altitude (elevation). Except for those living in areas of permanent freshwater, animals are adapted to the long dry season, as seen in migration and breeding patterns. 2, though only 34 . Rainfall 800-1000 mm, and the growing season is 100-140 days long. Zambia experiences good rainfall, with extremes of 500 to 1400mm (most areas fall into the range 700 to ) in a distinct rainy season of four to six months centred on January, when the moist intertropical convergence zone is over the country. Bush fires range across most of the country in the later dry season, escaping from "chitemene cultivation" and caused by villagers burning off crop residue or hunting, as well as by lightning strikes. Relief is being provided to . It is well adapted to hot dry areas on sandy soils, and forms extensive forests which have been over-exploited by commercial timber production over the past 75 years, in: These are the most extensive non-floodplain grasslands in Zambia, covering about 5% of the country in the west, and support large herds of wildebeest which migrate between western Zambia and Angola. Plants, animals and people have evolved to this cycle which in Zambia has been fairly reliable, and it brings a number of ecological advantages which promote biodiversity. Climate information for Zambia including average temperature, rain and snowfall totals. Zambia borders Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia in the Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests biome, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome, Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic, Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands. What is the structure of the Temperate Deciduous Woodland? 49. This means it has a greater ability to carry water moisture and so there is little rain on the far side of the mountain. Small earth dams are often constructed in dambos as a source of water and as fishponds. Some bridges have been submerged in the same area, hampering access. Relief rainfall . However, except in the case of the last ecoregion listed, even where the canopy is extensive, at ground level the woodland is relatively open, affording quite easy passage by animals and people. -. kcse history notes The air will expand and rise and then cool and The Rift Valley System (Fig 2.3 page 28) The main impact pathway of climate change in the country is through increasing variability in rainfall amounts during the agricultural season across the various agroecological regions, and shifts in the duration of the rainy season. Rainfall at Kabwe is stable over long periods of time but varies considerably in the short term over periods of approximately 8 and 4 years. These cookies do not contain personal information and are not used for analytical or advertising purposes. You can join us here to take actions to help achieve an end to hunger. Safaris, Madagascar Hydropower, based on dammed surface water reservoirs, is a key part of Zambias energy mix, but poor rainfall (e.g. What is the site and situation of a settlement? Entertainment Editor. Why is the Human Development Index important? Such communities are said to be edaphic, and are found on grey dambo soils, black floodplain soils and Kalahari sands. Figure 5 Extent of Desertification in Zambia Figure 6 Annual Rainfall (mm) per Province Figure 7 Maize production (kg) from 1987 to 1999 . Two Earthquakes Compared Nepal and LAquila, Lombok Indonesia Earthquake 2018 Case Study, 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami Case Study. In Mambwe District, Eastern Province, nearly 300 families were displaced by floods in the first week of January, according to DMMU media reports, with Malambo constituency especially affected. The southern African nation of Zambia is experiencing a food crisis, with nearly 2.3 million Zambians at risk of facing starvation as a result of low rainfall. Grasses and some other herbaceous plants dry up above ground but regenerate quickly with the onset of rains from roots and tubers, etc. The leeward side is sometimes known as a rain shadow area. . Too much rain when the maize crop is flowering or late in the season when it should be drying off prior to harvest, can be very damaging and promotes rotting of stored grain. Much of population is concentrated in the country's most developed areaknown as the Line of Railwhich is served by the railway linking the Copperbelt with . How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Rio de Janeiro? Climate change in Zambia: Impacts and adaptation. english language Philip is the Zambia expert for SafariBookings and author of more than 20 guidebooks to Africa. It makes cumulonimbus clouds. Lusaka - Average precipitation. What is the difference between a tornado and a hurricane? Thus they produce a Rain shadow area. Camerapix International Publishing, Nairobi, 1996. Easily compare offers from top rated tour operators. In the north, rainfall is 1 250mm / 50in or more a year . Its surface is almost invariably consisting of a geologically stable land mass made up of the pre-Cambrian basement rock overlain in part by sedimentary cover of a later period. Plants susceptible to frost do not grow in the southern half of the country. Rainfall and recharge to a dolomite aquifer in a semi-arid climate at Kabwe, Zambia. Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Tunisia Case Study. The dry season is influenced by the Harmattan wind from the Sahara. Case study 7: Exploring daily rainfall data to investigate evidence of climate change in southern Zambia and its implication for farmers in the area Parin Kurjia, Durton Nanja b, Roger Sternc a Head, Biometry Unit, Department of Crop Science, University of Overview; Climate Data. Dry season May to October Winter. What is migration and why do people migrate? GitHub export from English Wikipedia. Frost only occurs on a few days in winter on the highest exposed hills, or more widely in the lower humidity areas of the southern half of the country. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? STUDY OF SOIL csee necta questions Philip is our Zambia expert and author of more than 20 guidebooks to Africa. As the air rises, it cools, condenses and forms rain. Zambia is considered to be vulnerable to climate change which might lead to more variability in rainfall amounts and length of the rainy season. How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? Whirlwinds are very common but not usually destructive. What is the role of transnational companies in Nigeria? Moderate rain describes . geography acsee The mountains block the passage of rain-producing weather systems, casting a "shadow" of dryness behind them. The water cycle as it occurs in real life. What are the effects of economic development in Nigeria on quality of life? Weathering and mass movement in river valleys. Zambia also undertook a study which showed that the country has lost Its is believed the Khoisan people groups originated in East Africa and spread southwards around 150,000 years ago. Development, population change and the demographic transition model, Strategies for reducing the development gap, How can the growth of tourism reduce the development gap? This page includes a chart with historical data for Zambia Average Precipitation. [citation needed], Flooding is an annual event on floodplains, to which people and wildlife are adapted. Latitude is only one factor which determines the climate or even simply the rainfall pattern, temperature pattern etc. Since the beginning of January, following the first floods in Mambwe and Lumezi, the DMMU has been distributing food, tents and water treatment chemicals for the affected population. Peshawar is a rain fed area and gets western depression rain in winter and also receives rain from monsoon in summer. For plants this includes the deciduous habit (losing leaves to conserve water), very deep root systems, water-storing roots and tubers, waxy leaf cuticles, and drought-resistant seeds. Why is the weather of the UK so changeable? The downwind or leeward slope receives a small amount of rainfall in comparison. The most extensive ecoregion covering about 50% of the country, characterised by Miombo trees (Brachystegia sp. OCHA coordinates the global emergency response to save lives and protect people in humanitarian crises. Here are the three main types of rainfall: Relief Rainfall. We advocate for effective and principled humanitarian action by all, for all. How has demand for water in the UK changed? The elevation of the great central African plateau on which Zambia is located, typically between 1000 and 1300 metres, modifies temperatures, which are lower than for coastal areas at the same latitude, and pleasant for much of the year. Projected Weather and Climate. Zambia is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, to the east of Angola. This is a type of rainfall that occur when warmer air is forced to rise over cold air. Annual maize production in Zambia was on average 1.1 Mt in the period 2000 to 2010, and average yields of about 1.5 t/ha that have not significantly changed over the past 20 years. This area is known as a rain shadow. The western part of Zambia that borders Angola is significantly warmer. They all help to determine the kind of soils in an area. Zambia is expected to experience heavy rains in the coming days, with potential for flash floods in Mufumbwe, Kasempa, Kabwe, Lusaka, Siavonga, Gwembe and Chipata districts. A map of areas threatened by a wildfire, for instance, would have a date, and perhaps even a time, to track the progress of the wildfire. Convection makes the air rise and cool. 70.5. As the air rises and cools, the orographic clouds form and serve as the precipitation source, where most falls upwind of the mountain ridge. A delegation led by the DMMU, with the Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Local Government and Ministry of Infrastructure is planning to assess the extent of damage in the affected areas. Relief rainfall occurs in all altitudes; Rain occurs on the Windward side and little/no rain on the leeward slope. mathematics past papers What is the impact of humans on the desert? Rainfall is the amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. The average maximum temperatures during that period is between 24 and 28 degrees Celsius (75.2 and 82.4F) and it is very dry. Population Zambia's population is about 10.9 million (2004), of which 64 percent is rural (Table 1). Why are deserts located along the tropics? agriculture The yield gap between actual yields and . and/or complex terrains. A rain shadow is a dry area on the lee side of a mountainous area. Zambia covers a total area of 752,612 km2 including borders, and lies between 8 and 18 south latitudes and longitudes 22 and 34 east. this is a type of rainfall that occurs when air has blown over the sea and is then being forced up over an area of high land. Climate and specifically rainfall amount is the chief determinant of type and distribution of the ecoregions of Zambia. the total land area estimated at 64 million hectares most of which is administered traditional under customary law.The total area of indigenous forest in Zambia is 44.6 million hectares and covers 60 percent of the total land area, out of which 9.6 percent are gazetted forests. In the middle to late dry season, bushfires are prevalent, and smoke is noticeable by smell and as a haze. The climate of the lower-lying South Luangwa and Lower Zambezi National Parks is considerably hotter: temperatures rise by about 6C for every 1,000m you descend (or 3.5F per 1,000ft). Figure 1: Shows the study area (Zambia), marked green on the map of Africa. types of rainfall in zambia - medvetnaval.org 1.1 Zambia and REDD+ readiness 1 1.2 Activities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate . Month. condense into a cloud and then rains. What are the different types of weathering? Convectional rain. [4][citation needed], The ability to grow enough food in the rainy season to last the long dry season is also a factor in population distribution. Rough estimates of the percentage of the country covered as given below are for the original or natural state of the area before urbanisation and agriculture has modified it. Zambia has a sub-tropical climate that is tempered by its relatively high altitude, making it more temperate and pleasant than other sub-tropical areas. In winter, there is much less rainfall in Ndola than in summer. The climate of Zambia in Central and Southern Africa is definitely tropical modified by altitude (elevation). PRACTICAL GEOGRAPHY Six ecoregions are represented of which the first four listed below are woodland savannas, consisting of a grass cover 12 m high, and hardwood deciduous trees and/or hardwood shrubs, which range in ground coverage from 'scattered' to 'abundant'. . During the rainy season months of November to April or May some days may be humid, but daily maximum temperatures are usually a little lower than in the hot dry season. In the UK, prevailing winds from the west lead to air rising over upland areas like the Pennines. Therefore, a Climate Change Gender Action Plan was published by the government in 2018. What are the impacts of industry on the physical environment? As the air rises it starts to condense and cumulonimbus clouds are formed. Warm air is pushed up and over the terrain The climate is also determined by wind pattern, relief(how high the place is) etc. Temperatures are higher at lower elevations, such as the Luapula-Mweru and Mweru-Wantipa/Tanganyika valleys in the north, and highest in the lower Luangwa and Zambezi valleys in the south, typically experiencing 40C in October. Tropical . Safaris & Tours, Botswana Integrated learning-by-doing approach as a respond to climate change impacts. Hydrol., 59: 173--187. How is a cold environment interdependent? SUSTAINABLE TOURISM The Dry season in Zambia is a lovely time to visit its divided into a cooler period (May to August) and a hotter one (September and October). TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION Three types of rainfall are: Convectional rainfall, this type of rainfall occurs due to thermal convention due to heating of the ground surface. None of the country is arid. . You can expect rain for roughly half of the month of November in Zambia. Dr. Roland Bumle (BGR) Dr. Christoph Neukum (BGR) Jack Nkhoma (DWA) Oscar Silembo (DWA) Commissioned by: Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and slope and dry conditions on the downwind slope. The main sites are: This biome covers an area of only about 100km on the northern border with Malawi, being an extension of a much larger area in Malawi and Tanzania, and so is frequently not counted as present in Zambia. Flooding in some parts of Lusaka. h) Rainfall falls mainly over a short period of time, about 15 - 20 minutes. How have animals adapted to cold environments? Temperatures average between 18C/64F in the morning and 29C/84F in the afternoon. In the north, rain only falls from June to September in the range of 500 mm to 750 mm. Zambia. The highest rainfall is in the north (about 1200 . history Corresponding variations are present in the recharge to a dolomite aquifer. Authorities indicated that this year's crop damage has been more extensive that those of other past flood seasons. Once over the top of the mountain the air will usually drop down the other side, warming as it does so. Economic opportunities and challenges in Lagos.